JBRMR 2056-6271 https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/ 8 Volume 03 Issue 1 2008-09-01

48 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=48 2012-02-27 Sales promotion is a key ingredient in marketing campaigns, with designed short term incentive tools aimed at consumers to influence quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services [Kotler]. Several advantages have been identified as a result of sales promotional activities sides increased sales and revenue. The objective is to find out the reaction of customers of consumer goods to sales promotion using Unilever Uganda as case study. The result reveals that while sales revenue has increased customers perception about products due to sales promotions has not changed much and that loyal customers may not be affected by the price change Alvarez, A.B. & Casielles R. V (2005). Consumer evaluations of sales promotion: the effect on brand choice, European Journal of Marketing, Vol.39 No. 1, pp. 54-70 Behrer, Mattias & Larson, Asa. (1998) Event Marketing – att anvanda evenemang som strategisk resurs i marknadsforingen, Gotborg. IHM Forlag AB. Blattberg, R.C. & Neslin, S (1990), Sales Promotion: Concepts Methods, and Strategies, Englewood Cliffs, N.J, Prentice Hall. Bobby Anderson and Aman Hailemariam “Sales Promotion in B 2 B Setting” Bachelor thesis, Lulea University of Technology. Brown G. Robert (1974), “Sales Response to Promotion and Advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, August 1974  Buzzel Robert, Quelch John and Salmon Water (1990), “The Costly Bargain of Trade Promotion”, Harvard Business Review, 68 (2), 141-49 Calf F. Mela, Sunil Gupta and Donald R. Lehman, “The Long-Term Impact of Promotion and Advertising on Consumer Brand Choice,” Journal of Marketing Research (May1997): 248-61 Close A.G., Finney, R.Z & Sneath, J.Z (2006). Engaging the consumer through event marketing, Journal of Advertising Research, Vol.46 Issue 4, pp. 420-433 Faris W. Paul and Quelch A. John, “In Defence of Price Promotion”, Sloan Management Review (Fall 1987): 63-69 Heerden, Van C. H. (2001). Factors Affecting Decision-Making in South African Sport Sponsorships, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Pretoria Inman, J.J., McAlister, L & Hoyer, W.D. (1990). Promotion signal-proxy for a price cut?, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 17 No. 6, pp. 74-81 Kempf, D. S., & Smith, R. E. (1998). Consumer Processing of Product Trial and the influence of Prior Advertising: A Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.35 No. 8, pp. 325-338 Kotler Philip Marketing Management, 11th Edition, Pearson Education Inc Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Kwok, S., & Uncles, M (2005) Sales Promotion Effectiveness: the impact of consumer differences at an ethnic-group level, Journal of product & brand management, vol.9 no.6, pp. 389-414 Law, Rajiv and Ram Rao (1997), “Supermarket Competition: The Case of Every Day Low Pricing”, Marketing Science, 16 (1), 60-80 Magid M Abraham and Leonard M. Lodish  (1990) “Getting the Most out of Advertising and Promotion”, Harvard Business Review, 68  (3) (May-June), 50-63  Nufer, G (2002) Wirkungen Von Event Marketing. Deutscher Univesitats – Verlag Wiesbaden Promotion Marketing Association of America Inc. (1994), Winning the Promotion: The Reggie Award Winners. Ravenswood, IL: Dartnell Corporation. Srinivasan, Shuba, Koen Pauwels, Dominique M Hanseens and Mnik Dekimpe (2004) “Do Promotions Benefit Retailers, Manufacturers or Both” Management Science 50 (5) 617-29. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-05-19-PM.pdf Justice Amoako - Prempeh Pross Akanyijuku Sales promotion benefits types of promotion intrinsic and extrinsic effects 629725 49 0

47 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=47 2012-02-27 Purpose: The research presented here builds a picture of the changing face of retail taking place in India which is a country poised to become a retail power house. India has well over 12 million outlets of all styles and sizes and international retailing has great opportunity here. With 50% of the population in self-employment, many of them in the retail trade, the impact of this retail boom on small retailers has to be studied. Methodology/Approach: Delhi and Ahmedabad a class city was taken up for the study of the effect of malls on small retailers. Ahmedabad is the fastest growing business capital of Gujarat. We have chosen randomly selected samples of 215 small retailers which are referred to as unorganized with an area less than 500 sq. feet and family owned. Findings: The present study indicates that 85% of the retailers reported decline in sales however, in terms of percentage it is only 18% decline in total sales. The Average decline in Ahmedabad was 15% compared to Delhi which was 20%. Small retailers are well aware of their competitive position and adopt adequate strategy according. Store cleanliness is an important change observed during the retail survey. Many retailers have formed cooperative ventures for bulk purchase in Ahmedabad so that products can be purchased at more economical price without affecting the profit. Entry of Malls is good for economy and beneficial consumers. Research Limitations/Implications: The study took only one Metro city and a cl Archer JS & D Tailor (1994), Up against the wall-marts, American Management Associations (pp334-367), New York Nationaltrust for Historic preservation,pp123-143   Berry L L (2001), the old pillars of new retailing, Harvardbusiness Review, Vol. 79, No.4, pp 131-137.   Bureau of Labor Statistic (2001), BLS Release for 2000-2010 Dec, 3, pp.300-375   Cachon J.C, C Berry and J.Vircher(2004) The impact of mega retail store an small retail business, Amec- Primavera no. 7, pp.1-11   East lick MA and S. Lutz (1999), Profiling potential adoptersandnon a adopters of an interactive electronic shopping medium, International Journal of retailing and distribution Management Vol.27No.6,pp. 209-223   HT Reports (2008), the retail details: hope for small players, Hindustan Times, May 27th pp. 23.    Icrier’s Retail Policy as reported in Mint (2008), April 28, pp.6-7   Kalhan A (2007), Impact of malls or small shops, Economic and Political weekly June,Vol. 2, pp2063-2067   KSA Techopack Report (2007), Mint-HT, 12th Feb,pp. 7-11   Maria D. Dejuan (2004), why do people choosethe shopping malls? , Journal of International consumer Marketing Vol.  17 No.1, pp. 71-98   Mazursky D and J Jacoby (1986), Exploring the development of store images, Journal of Retailing 62-(20 145-165   Mint Report Retail Scene (2007), HT, 12th February,pp. 7-4   Mukherjee A and N. Patel (2005), FOI in retail sector India, Indian cancel for Research an International study New Delhi Govt. of India.pp310-410Out look Report (2006), Oct 16,pp. 16-21   parker RS, Petti John C, PettiJohnl Kent J (20030 An Analysis of consumer Perceptions, Marketing Management Journal Vol.13No.2,pp. 29-44   Prasad S (2004), Big boys go retail, Business Today October 24, Vol. 13No.21pp. 11-15    Sharma R, S D Rangnekar (2008), Retail Review, Far Eastern Economic Review, April Vol. 171No.3 pp34-37   Shills B and G B Taylor (1997) Measuring the economic & sociological impactofmega retail discount chain University of Pennsylvania, Wharton school- Wharton Entrepreneurial centre pp.330-345   Srivastava (2008),Retail Scene, International Journal of retailing and distribution Management ,July(Under Publication)   Stone KE and GM Artz (1999),IOWA Retail market share of various size town: IOWA State University Science & Technology,pp501-515    West brook R K and Black W C (1988),Amotivation based shopper typology, Journal of Retailing Vol. 61No.1pp 78-103   Beaumont CE (1994), How superstore sprawl can harm communities?, Washington: https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-03-39-PM.pdf Dr. R. K. Srivastava Retail store Malls Consumer behaviour 589383 51 0

49 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=49 2012-02-27 Customers are more demanding in terms of responsiveness, level of service, quality of products and costs. Firms only could reach these goals simultaneously if they invest in new technologies. A new technology that has received considerable attention from academics and practitioners, especially among retailers, is the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) because of its large scope of application, advantages and potentialities. This paper aims to present the potentials, requirements, advantages and disadvantages associated with the utilization of RFID both, in general and to the retailers. It intends to highlight the benefits associated with the utilization of the RFID technology in logistics field. That is, it wants to emphasize the importance of this technology to firms perform the logistics activities faster, with more quality, cheaper and with more responsiveness especially in the last echelon of the distribution chain, the retailer. To illustrate this, a case study is presented with a Portuguese fashion retailer about the introduction of the RFID technology and the analysis of the situations that motivate their adoption, as well as the gains reached, difficulties and improvements to the future Albright, B. (2005), “Retailers wrestle with the data end of RFID”, Frontline Solutions, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 18-23. Atkinson, W. (2004), “Tagged: the risks and rewards of RFID technology”, Risk Management, Vol. 51, No. 7. pp. 12-18. Bange, V. (2006), “Putting RFID in writing”, Supply Management, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp.34-46.  Borck, J. (2006), “Tuning in to RFID”, InfoWorld, Vol. 28, No. 16, pp. 31-36. Coltman, T., Gadh, R. and Michael, K. (2008), “RFID and supply chain management: introduction to the special issue”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3,  No. 1, pp. 3-5, ISSN:0718-1876.  Dipert, B. (2004), “Reading between the lines: RFIDs confront the venerable bar code”, EDN, Vol.14, pp. 48-60.  Hardgrave, B., Waller, M. and Miller, R. (2005), “Does RFID Reduce Out-of-Stock: A Preliminary Analysis: Technical Report”, Information Technology Research Institute.  Intermec (2004). “White Paper: Access Point Antenna Guide” www.intermec.com.  Jones, P. Clarke-Hill, C. and Hillier, D. (2005), “The benefits, challenges and impacts of radio frequency identification technology (RFID) for retailers in the UK”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 23, No. 4/5, pp. 395-403. Jones, P., Clarke-Hill, C., Hillier, D. and Comfort, D. (2004), “Radio Frequency Identification in Retailing and Privacy and Public Policy Issues”, Management Research News; Vº 27, Vol. (8/9), pp. 46-59. Kelly, E. and Scott, P. (2005), “RFID tags: commercial applications v. privacy rights”, Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. 105, No. 5/6, pp. 703-715. Kevan, T. (2004), “Calculating RFID's benefits”, Frontline Solutions, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 16-21. Kinsella, B. and Elliott, M. (2005), “Delivering the goods”, Industrial Engineer, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 24-31. Knill, B. (2002), “Pallet tracking leads RFID applications”, Material Handling Management, Vol. 57, N0. 1, pp. 8-10. Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V. and Whang, S. (1997), “The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains”, Sloan Management Review, pp. 93 - 102. Lopes, P. (2007), “How Can the Retail Industry Benefit from RFID: Throttleman goes RFID”, RetailID: the RFID Solution for the Retail Industry, Conference & Exhibition on RFID: The next Step to the Internet of things – Lagoas Park, Lisboa.  Meyerson, J. (2007), RFID in supply Chain: A Guide to Selection and Implementation, Taylor & Francisc Group, New York. RAGMS - Rockwell Automation: Global Manufacturing Solutions, (2004), “RFID in Manufacturing: A practical guide on extracting measurable value from RFID implementations in plant and warehousing operations”, http://www.rockwellautomation.com/solutions/rfid/get/rfidwhite.pdf. Rekik,. E., Sahin, E. and Dallery, Y. (2008), “Analysis of the Impact of the RFID Technology on Reducing Product Misplacement Errors at Retail Stores”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 112, No. 1, pp. 264-275. So, S. and Liu, J. (2006), “Securing RFID applications: issues, methods, and controls”, Information Systems Security, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 43-56. Straub, D., A. Rai, and Klein, R. (2004), “Measuring Firm Performance at the Network Level: A Nomology of the Business Impact of Digital Supply Networks”, Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol. 2, No.1, pp. 83 -115. Sullivan, L. (2004), “ERP ZILLA”, Information Week, Vol. 1047, Summer, pp. 30-40. Trunick, P. and Williams, D. (2005), “Stay loose for the RFID stretch run”, Logistics Today, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 35-38. Veeramani, D., Tang, J. and Gutierrez, A. (20089, “A Framework for Assessing the Value of RFID Implementation by Tyer-one Suppliers to Major Retailers”, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 55-70, ISSN: 0718-1876. Wilding, R. and Delgado, T. (2004), “RFID Demystified”, Logistics & Transport Focus, Vol. 6, No. 5, pp. 32-42. Witt, C. (2006), “Real-World ROI for RFID”, Material Handling Management, Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 26-31.   https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-10-50-PM.pdf Susana Garrido Azevedo, PhD Joao Ferreira, PhD RFID Retailing Case Study 581404 52 0

50 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=50 2012-02-27 With the advent of new technologies, there has been some success at curbing the growth of retail theft in recent years. However, such thefts have been estimated to cost American retailers approximately $40 billion dollars annually, and globally, the losses could reach $100 billion a year! This article explores the prospects for using RFID (radio frequency identification) technology as a new tool for retailers’ use in the ongoing loss prevention battle against theft by both shoplifters and employees. It begins with an overview of the scope of the retail theft problem, including the impact of organized retail crime (ORC) and the economic downturn on shoplifting. We then look at how technologies such as electronic article surveillance (EAS) and video camera surveillance have proven successful in the “arms race” to counter shoplifting. It then presents a brief overview of RFID technology, examining how it differs from the venerable bar code technology and how it is being applied across various settings. We then analyze how RFID is beginning to see utilization in-store, not just as a security device, but also as a vehicle to improve inventory management and business intelligence. We conclude with an analysis of the current situation and the prospects for retail’s RFID-enabled future Babin, B. andBabin, L. (1996),‘Effects of Moral Cognitions and Consumer Emotions on Shoplifting Intentions’, Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 785-802. Budden, M., Yeargain, J., and Miller Jr., J. (1991),‘Strategies for Dealing with Shoplifting: A Managerial and Legal Perspective’, American Business Review, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 28. Checkpoint Systems (2008).Press Release: Loss Prevention Spending Tied to Retail Shrink Levels, June 30, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008, from http://www.checkpointsystems.com/default.aspx?page=news&idnews=284. Colapinto, J., 2008, ‘Stop, Thief!: The high-tech approach to catching shoplifters’, The New Yorker, September 1, 2008. Retrieved October 2, 2008, from http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/09/01/080901fa_fact_colapinto. Collins, J. (2006), ‘Bookstore RFID-enables its operations: One of Holland's largest booksellers has  integrated RFID into the operations of its brand-new store’, RFID Journal, April 18, 2006 Retrieved November 20, 2006, from http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/2273/.  Dickenson, S. (2008), ‘Taking stock of shrinkage’, Home Accents Today, February 1, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2008, from http://www.homeaccentstoday.com/article/CA6535521.html. Doyle, M.R. (2007), ‘The State of the Loss Prevention Industry: 2007 Update’, Security Info Watch, October 18, 2007. Retrieved August 3, 2008, from  http://www.securityinfowatch.com/article/printer.jsp?id=12817. Epps, S. (2008), ‘Shoplifting on rise in SW Florida as economic woes linger’, Naples News, June 21, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2008, from http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2008/Jun/21/shoplifting-rise-sw-florida-economic-woes-linger/. Groover, J. (2006), ‘Organized Crime: Retailers Combat Growing Number of Professional Shoplifters’, Shopping Centers Today, October 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2008, from http://www.icsc.org/srch/sct/sct1006/index.php. Jack L. Hayes International (2008),Press Release: Shoplifter and Dishonest Employee Theft on the Rise, April 6, 2008. Retrieved August 1, 2008, from http://www.hayesinternational.com/thft_srvys.html. Hollinger, R.C. (2007), ‘Workplace Dishonesty’, Loss Prevention, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp.16-18. Hollinger, R. and Langton, L. (2006), National Retail Security Survey 2005. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida.  Howell, S., and Proudlove, N. (2007).‘A statistical investigation of inventory shrinkage in a large retail chain’, International Review of Retail, Distribution & Consumer Research, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 101-120. Kapner, S. (2007), ‘Retailers want to stop growing so fast: After years of build, America's biggest stores are deciding that it makes sense to slow growth in a slow economy’, Fortune, December 6, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2008, from  http://money.cnn.com/2007/12/06/magazines/fortune/kapner_expansion.fortune/index.htm. Loten, A. (2008). ‘Retailers face threat from organized shoplifting rings: A growing number of thieves are stealing large quantities of merchandise from warehouses and reselling online’, Inc., June 5, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2008, from http://www.inc.com/news/articles/200706/crime.html. National Retail Federation (2008), 2008 Organized Retail Crime Survey, June 2008. Retrieved July 3, 2008, from http://www.nrf.com/modules.php?name=News&op=viewlive&sp_id=522. O’Connor, M.C. (2008a), ‘Wegmans eyeing RFID for prescription management: The supermarket operator is planning to test whether placing RFID tags on customers' prescription orders will make locating and ringing up the orders faster and more accurate’, RFID Journal, January 10, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2008, fromhttp://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/3844/.  O’Connor, M.C. (2008b), ‘Retailers See RFID's Potential to Fight Shrinkage’, RFID Journal, August 15, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2008, from http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleprint/4265/-1/1/. O’Connor, M.C. (2008c), ‘Outdoor Clothing and Equipment Retailer Tests RFID-EAS Tags’, RFID Journal, August 12, 2008. Retrieved September 18, 2008, fromhttp://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/4256/1/1/. Patton, J. and B.C. Hardgrave (2008), RFID As Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS): Feasibility Assessment – August 2008, Information Technology Research Institute, Sam M. Walton College of Business, University of Arkansas.Working Paper ITRI-WP117-0808. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from http://itri.uark.edu/94.asp?article=666. Preference Research (2008), ‘Research report - Loss prevention spending tied to retail shrink levels’, MSN Money Central, June 30, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008, from http://news.moneycentral.msn.com/ticker/article.aspx?Feed=BW&Date=20080630&ID=8841429&Symbol=US:CKP. Reuters (2008), ‘Retailers face organized shoplifters, e-fencing’, CNBC.com, June 4, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008, from http://www.cnbc.com/id/24960983. Roche, K. (2008), ‘Shoplifting a matter of opportunity’, Waltham  (MA) Daily News Tribune, May 25, 2008. Retrieved August 23, 2008, from http://www.dailynewstribune.com/news/x1192324366/Shoplifting-a-matter-of-opportunity. Scalet, S.D. (2007), ‘Shoplifting and organized retail crime: Mall rats’, CSO: Chief Security Officer, February 1, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2008, from http://www.csoonline.com/article/print/221140. Shoplifters Alternative (2001),‘Survey reveals important information about shoplifters’,New Jersey Small Business Development Centers, October 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2008, from http://www.njsbdc.com/retail/shoplifting.php. Swedberg, C. (2007a), ‘Best Buy eager to use RFID to eliminate checkout lines: The greatest obstacle to deployment, according to Best Buy CIO Bob Willett, is the current cost of tags and readers’, RFID Journal, June 20, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2007, fromhttp://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/3422/1/1/. Swedberg, C. (2007b), ‘Canadian grocery pilot finds ROI in RFID: By implementing RFID, retailers and suppliers should markedly reduce out-of-stocks and improve promotional execution, according to a seven-month project involving Loblaw and four of its suppliers’, RFID Journal, June 20, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2008, fromhttp://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/3428/1/1/.  Swedberg, C. (2007c), ‘Raflatac releases RFID tags with built-In EAS’, RFID Journal, December 17, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleprint/3818/-1/1/. Tonglet, M. (2002),‘Consumer misbehaviour: An exploratory study of shoplifting’, Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1(4), 336-354. Walker, E. (2008), ‘Drug store thefts a billion-dollar business,’ Miami Herald, August 28, 2008. Retrieved September 20, 2008, from http://www.miamiherald.com/news/front-page/story/661823.html. Wessel, R. (2008), ‘To future-proof its Future Store, Metro Group opted for EPCglobal standards: The retailer claims that its Future Store's butcher shop uses one of the world's first full-blown EPCIS software stacks’, RFID Journal, September 26, 2008. Retrieved October 5, 2008, from http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleprint/4346/-1/1/. Woyke, E., (2006), ‘Attention, shoplifters: With $30 billion in theft, there's arevolution in surveillance systems’, Business Week, Retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_37/b4000401.htm. Wyld, D.C. (2008a),‘The implant solution: Why RFID is the answer in the highly unique orthopedic supply chain, providing ROI for suppliers and assurance for patients and their surgeons’,ID World, June 2008, pp. 12-15.  Wyld, D.C. (2008b),‘Playing a deadly game of match: How new efforts to use RFID inblood banking and transfusion can save patient lives and safeguard the blood supply chain’,Global Identification, March 2008, pp. 24-26.  Wyld, D.C. (2008c),‘Radio frequency identification: Advanced intelligence for table gamesin casinos’,Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 134-144. Wyld, D.C. (2007a),‘RFID 101: The next big thing for management’,The Engineering Management Review, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 3-19. Wyld, D.C. (2005),RFID: The Right Frequency for Government - A Research Report from The IBM Center for the Business of Government. Retrieved October 3, 2005, from http://www.businessofgovernment.org/main/publications/grant_reports/details/index.asp?gid=232. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-13-11-PM.pdf David C. Wyld, DBA Shoplifting Retail Security Loss Prevention RFID (radio frequency identification) technology Organized Retail Crime Business Intelligence 600366 40 0

51 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=51 2012-02-27 This study describes the prevailing marketing arrangements in Tanzania at local, regional, national and export markets using Dar es Salaam and Ifakara in Morogoro as case study examples. The major impediments for trade in Tanzania have been categorized into three groups: 1) Physical infrastructure, 2) know-how and capital, and 3) institutional framework. Insufficient physical infrastructure in terms of roads increases the cost of transportation, works as an informal market barrier, forms a wedge between the supplier price and consumer price, and increases the loss of perishable products. Lack of know-how shows in poor market orientation and business skills, and leads to difficulties in managing and obtaining loans. Furthermore, the current institutional framework is unable to support the formation of strong traders and producers’ associations and other representative bodies to enhance capacity building and to bargain for fairer terms of trade. In addition, the lack of market information and the weak legal framework lead to difficulties in negotiating trade agreements and enforcing the existing contracts. Currently the necessary institutional framework has been substituted for by long supply chains of middlemen, and relying on personal relationships between producers, traders and brokers Ashimogo, G. (1995) Peasant Grain Storage and Marketing in Tanzania: A Case Study of Maize in Sumbawanga District, Verlag Köster, Berlin. Badiane, O. (1998), Marketing Policy Reform and Competitiveness: Why Integration and Arbitrage Costs Matter, IFPRI Discussion Paper No. 22. Barrett, C.B. – Reardon, T. – Webb, P. (2001) Nonfarm Income Diversification and Household Livelihood Strategies in Rural Africa: Concepts, Dynamics, and Policy Implications, Journal of Food Policy, Vol. 26, Issue 4, pp. 315-331. Barrett, C. (1997) Food marketing liberalisation and trader entry: Evidence from Madagascar, World Development, Vol. 25, Issue 5 (May), pp. 763-777. Baulch, B. (2001) in Devereux, S. & Maxwell, S. (eds.) (2001) Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa, ITDG Publishing, London, UK. Besley, T. (1995), Nonmarket Institutions for Credit and risk Sharing in Low-Income Countries, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 115-127. Besley, T. (1994) How Do Market Failure Justify Interventions in Rural Credit Markets, the World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 9, Number 1, January 1994. De Janvry, A. – Fafchamps, M. – Sadoulet, E. (1991), Peasant Household Behaviour with Missing Markets: Some Paradoxes Explained, Economic Journal 101, pp. 1400-17. Delgado, C.L. (1995) Agricultural Diversification and Export Promotion in Sub-Saharan Africa, Food Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 225-243. Economist, March 10th 2005, Calling Across the Divide. Ellis, F. (1998), Household Strategies and Rural Livelihoods Diversification, Journal of Development Studies, 35(1): 1-38. Fafchamps, M. & Pender, J. (1997) Precautionary Saving, Credit Constraint, and Irreversible Investment: Theory and Evidence from Semi-Arid India, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, Vol. 15, Issue 2, pp. 180-194. Fafchamps, M. (1996) The Enforcement of Commercial Contracts in Ghana, World Development, Vol. 24, Issue 3, (March), pp. 427-448. Furubotn, E.G. & Richter, R. (1997) Institutions and Economic Theory: The Contribution of the New Economic Theory, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. Gabre-Madhin, E.Z. (2001) Market Institutions, Transaction Costs, and Social Capital in the Ethiopian Grain Market, International Food Policy Research Institute, Research Report 124. Geertz, C. (1978) The Bazaar Economy: Information and Search in Peasant Marketing, The American Economic Review, Vol. 68, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninetieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, (May), pp. 28-32. Government of Tanzania (2003), National Transport Policy (NTP), Ministry of Communications and Transport. Government of Tanzania (2001), Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS). Government of Tanzania (2000a), National Micro-finance Policy. Government of Tanzania (2000b), Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). Government of Tanzania & Ministry of Cooperatives and Marketing (2005), Agricultural Marketing Policy (Second draft). Hendley, K. – Murrell, P. – Ryterman, R. (2000) Law, Relationships and Private Enforcement: Transactional Strategies of Russian Enterprises, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 52, No. 4. (June), pp. 627 – 656. Heltberg, R. & Tarp, F. (2002) Agricultural Supply Response and Poverty in Mozambique, Food Policy, Vol. 27(2), pp. 103-124. Hoff, K. & Stiglitz, J. (1990) Introduction: Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Markets: Puzzles and Policy Perspectives, World Bank Economic Review Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 235-250. Huang, J. – Rozelle, S. – Chang, M. (2002) The Nature of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in China and Implications of WTO Accession, Discussion paper. Jayne, T.S. – Govereh, J. – Mwanaumo, A. – Nyoro, J.K. – Chapoto, A. (2002) False Promise or False Premise? The Experience of Food and Input Market Reform in Eastern and Southern Africa, World Development, Vol. 30, Issue 11 (November), pp. 1967-1985. Key, N. – Sadoulet, E. – de Janvry, A. (2000) Transactions Costs and Agricultural Household Supply Response, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82, pp. 245-259. Kherallah, M. – Delgado, E. – Gabre-Madhin, E. – Minot, N. – Johnson, (2000) Agricultural Market Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Synthesis of Research Findings, revised draft, International Food Policy research Institute, Washington D.C. Kweka, J. (2004) Transport Cost and Trade Policy in Tanzania, A draft final report to Credit, Economic and Social Research Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Lele††, U. (1971) Food Grain Marketing in India, Ithaca, N.Y, Cornell University Press. McMillan, J. – Woodruff, C. (1999) Interfirm Relationships and Informal Credit in Vietnam, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 114, No. 4 (Nov., 1999), pp. 1285-1320. Milner, C. & Morrissey, O. (1999), ‘Measuring Trade Liberalisation in Africa’ in McGillivray, M. & Morrissey, O. (eds), Evaluating Economic Liberalisation, London: Macmillan, pp. 60-82. Milner, C. – Morrissey, O. – Rudaheranwa, N. (2001) Policy and Non-Policy Barriers to Trade and Implicit Taxation of Exports in Uganda, Journal of Development Studies 31, pp. 505-28. Moore, C. & de Bruin, A. (2004) A Transaction Cost Approach to Understanding Ethical Behaviour, Paper presented at the World Congress of Social Economics, Albertville, France, June 2004. NBS (2002) Morogoro Regional Socio-Economic Profile, Second edition, National Bureau of Statistic, Dar es Salaam. Pedersen, P.O. (2003) Development of Freight Transport and Logistics in Sub-Saharan Africa: Taaffe, Morrill and Gould revisited, Transport Reviews, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 275-297. Ponte, S. (1998) Fast Crops, Fast Cash: Market Liberalization and Rural Livelihoods in Songea and Morogoro Districts, Tanzania, Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 316-348. Putterman, L. (1995) Economic reform and smallholder agricultural in Tanzania: A discussion of recent market liberalisation, road rehabilitation, and technology dissemination efforts, World Development, Vol. 23, Issue 2 (February), pp. 311-326. Sadoulet, E. & de Janvry, A. (1995) Quantitative Development Policy Analysis, Baltimore, Md. John Hopkins University Press. Shechambo, F. (1993) The Search for Transaction Mechanisms for Agricultural Products in Tanzania: The Case of Lushoto District, Verlag Köster, Berlin. Temu, A. - Winter-Nelson, A. - Garcia, P. (2001) Market Liberalisation, Vertical Integration and Price Behaviour in Tanzania’s Coffee Auction, Development Policy Review 2001, 19(2), pp. 205-222. Von Braun, J. (1995) Agricultural Commercialization: Impacts on Income and Nutrition and Implications for Policy, Food Policy, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 187-202. Williamson, O. (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, Collier Macmillan Publishers, London. Williamson, O. (1983) Credible Commitments: Using Hostages to Support Exchange, American Economic Review, Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 519-540. Williamson, O. (1981) The Economics of Organization: the transaction cost approach, American Journal of Sociology 87, pp. 548-577. Winter-Nelson, A. & Temu, A. (2002) Institutional Adjustment and Transaction Costs: Product and Inputs Markets in the Tanzanian Coffee System, World Development Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 561-574. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-13-59-PM.pdf Dr Laban Irhene Duncan Owino Dr Patrick Tonui Dr Ezra Chomete Supply chain agricultural marketing agricultural trade and market liberalization 662110 46 0

52 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=52 2012-02-27 This paper seeks to explore and contribute to the underlying notion of sustainability and environmental management in office buildings within the Bristol, Southwest of England. This is important because the activities of office organisations impact greatly upon both the internal and external environment of an organisation. The paper focuses on the key drivers and barriers associated with effective implementation of sustainable environmental management particularly on existing office buildings. The study also examines the environmental management programmes being undertaken in office buildings Baldwin, R., et al., 1993.  BREEAM: existing offices: version 4/93: an environmental assessment for existing office buildings. Watford: BRE. BIFM. 2005a. Sustainability Definition for the Specialist Interest Group [online]. Available from: http://www.bifm.org.uk/bifm/groups/sigs/sustai/documents [Accessed 15 July 2007]. Darnton, A., 2004. The impact of sustainable development on public behaviour. London: DEFRA. DEFRA. 2005. The UK Government sustainable development strategy: Securing the Future [online]. Available from: http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/documents/publications/strategy/prelims.pdf [Accessed 25 August 2007]. Department of Health, 2005. Estates and Facilities Management [online]. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/OrganisationPolicy/EstatesAndFacilitiesManagement/fe/en [Accessed 16 August 2007]. DETR. 1994. Sustainable development: The UK Strategy. London: HMSO. DETR. 1999a. Sustainable development strategy-“A better quality of life”. London: HMSO. DoE. 1990. This common inheritance. London: HMSO. European Commission. 2005a. Marine protection: Keeping our seas alive. Environment for Europeans: magazine of the directorate-general for environment [online], (21), pp 5-6. 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Seven recommendations for creating sustainability education at the university level: a guide for change agents. Sustainability, 6(4), pp 326-339. Nutt, B. and McLennan, P. eds., 2000. Facilities management: risks and opportunities. Oxford: Blackwell Science. Owusu, M.K., 2006. Drivers and barriers of sustainable environmental management on office buildings in Bristol. MSc dissertation, University of the West of England. Pearce, D. W., et al., 1989. Blueprint for a green economy: A report. London: Earthscan. Pezzey, J., 1989. Definitions of sustainability. UK CEED.  Pojasek, R. B., 2005. Environmental quality management: Improving processes in complex organisations. Quality Toolbox, pp 85-91. Prescott, J., 1999. Greening government: First Annual Report- Green Ministers Committee. London: HMSO. Quazi, H.A., 2001. Integrating environmental issues into strategic planning. Sustainable development, 101(2), pp 64-70. Rezaee, Z. and Elam, R., 2000. Emerging ISO 14000 environmental standards: a step-by-step implementation guide. Managerial Auditing Journal 15(1/2), pp 60-67. RICS. 2004. Sustainability and built environment-an agenda for action. London: RICS. Rutherford, R., Blackburn, R. A. and Spence, L. J., 2000. Environmental management and the small firm: An international comparison. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research [online], 6(6), pp 310-326. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/ViewContentServlet?Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/1600060602.html [Accessed 15 December 2007]. Shiers, D. E., 2000. “Green development”: Environmentally responsible buildings in the UK Commercial Property Sector. Property management, 18(5), pp 352-365. Strachan, P., 1997. Should environmental system be mechanistic control system or framework for learning? 4(1), pp 10-17. Tietenberg, T., 1994. Environmental economics and policy. New York: Harper Collins. Trzyna, T. C., ed. 1995. A Sustainable world: defining and measuring sustainable development. Earthscan. Turner, R. K. ed., 1988. Sustainable environmental management: principles and practice. Belhaven. WCU. 1991. Caring For the Earth. Gland: IUCN. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-18-27-PM.pdf Dr Martin Kwame Owusu Dr Kwaku Owusu Acheampong Yvonne Nimoh-Brema Justice Amoako-Prempeh . 653160 46 0

53 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=53 2012-02-27 The purpose of this study is to investigate commercial bank customers’ satisfaction level in the Shama –Ahanta East District of Ghana. 86 customers were involved in the questionnaire study whilst 10 of them were interviewed to probe further on issues. Simple percentages were used to determine their levels of satisfaction and results revealed that overall, customers were dissatisfied with the issues like relationship, products and services, interests’ rates, waiting times and others. Majority of the customers (82%) were not willing to recommend the bank to relatives or friends and 83% were likely to leave in the near future due to poor customer service. Customers were motivated to join the bank because of its initial low deposit and its numerous branches in the country Anderson, E.W, Fornell, C. (1994). “A customer satisfaction research prospectus”, in Rust, R.T, Oliver, R.L. (EDS), Service Quality: New Directions in Theory and Practice, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. Amonoo, E. Acquah, P. and Asmah, E. (2003). IFLIP Research Paper 03-10.   http://ilo.law.cornell.edu/public/eng. Adams, J.S. (1963). Towards an Understanding of Equity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 4, pp.17-18. Blodgett, J. , Donald, G, Rockney, W. (1993), “ the effects of Perceived Justice on  Complaints, Negative Word-of- Mouth Behaviour and Re patronage   Intentions”  Journal of Retailing, Vol. 69 No 4, pp.399-428. Bleuel, W. (2005) Customer Satisfaction.http://www.scantron.com/cd_5.aspx   Accessed in June 2007. Colgate, M. (2007) Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: How New Zealand Banks  Need to Improve. Business Review, Vol 9, No 1. 2007. Dwayne,D., Gremer, K. and  Gwinner, S. (2001). Generating Positive Word-of-Mouth Communication through Customer –Employee. international journal of  service industry management; 2001 vol. issue 12:pp. 44-59. Federal Express (1992), “Federal Express customer satisfaction and service quality measurements” company presentation, Federal Express, Coventry. Fisher, A. (2001). Winning the Battle for Customers. Journal of Financial Services Marketing 6 (1) , September, pp.77-84.  Cohen, D, Gan, C.,Clemes, M. and Chong E. (2006). A survey of Customer Retention in New Zealand Banking Industry. Banks and Bank Systems 1 (4) pp.83-99. Gay, L.R. (1992). Educational Research, Competencies for Analysis and Application. New York: Macmillan Pub. Company. Gummeson, E. (1993), Quality Management in Service Organisations: An Interpretation of the Service Quality Phenomenon and a Synthesis of   International Research, International Service Quality Association, Karlstad, Sweden. Heskett, J.L. Jones, T.O. , Loveman, G.W, Sasser, W.E. jr, Schlesinger, L.A (1994). “Putting the service profit chain to work” Harvard Business Review, March-April, pp.105-11. Hull, C.H, and Nie, S. (1987). Statistical Package for Social Sciences: Update 7-9. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ioanna, P. (2002). The Role of Employee Development in Customer Relations: The case of UK Retail Banks Corporate Communication, 7(1), PP.62-77. Integrated Social Development Centre (Report Undated). Ghana Commercial Bank Performance at a Glance (Fact Sheet ) Volume 1. www.isodec.org.gh. Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper and Row.  Marple, M. and Zimmerman, M. (1999). A Customer Retention Strategy. Mortgage  Banking, 59 (11); August, pp. 45-50. Manulife Bank (2007). A Report on Customer Satisfaction. Canada. http://www.1.manulifebank.ca/E/mbc/customercare/customersatisfaction.html?  Manteau, S. (2007). A recent Report of Bank of Ghana.   http://www.isodec.org.gh/papers/BOG.PDF.  Mensah, D. (2007). A Study of Teacher Job Satisfaction among Primary School Teachers in the Sekondi –Takoradi (Shama-Ahanta East) District of Ghana. A PhD Thesis Submitted To University of East Anglia. Norwich. Owusu-Frimpong, N (1999). Patronage behaviour of Ghanaian bank customers.  International Journal of Bank Marketing. Vol. 17 no. 7 pp. 335-342. Reichheld, F. and Sassar, W. (1990). Zero Defections; Quality Comes to Services; Harvard Business Press Rev. September –October, pp.105-111. Rust, R. Zahorik, A. (1993). Customer Satisfaction, Customer Retention and Market  Share. Journal of Retailing 69(2) pp. 193-215. Rust, R.T; Zahorik , A.J and Keiningham, T.L. (1995). Return on quality (ROQ): Making service quality financially accountable. Journal of Marketing 59: 58-70. Sunders, M., Lewis, P.  and Thornhill, A. (2007). Research Methods for Business Students (ed.4). London: Pearson Education Limited. Stake, R. (1995). The Art of Case Study Research. Thousand Oaks, Calif and London:Sage. Simpson, M. and Tuson, J. (1995). Using Observations in Small-Scale Research: A Beginner’s Guide, Glasgow: The Scottish Council for Research in Education. Woodruff, R.B. (1997). Customer Value: The next source for competitive advantage.  Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 25: 139-135. Winstanley, M. (1997). “What drives customer satisfaction in commercial banking”  Commercial Lending Review, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp.31-46.  Wendy, S. (1995). Evaluation of Indirect Influence of Courteous Service on Customer  Discretionary Behaviour. Human Communication Research vol.22, issue 1,  pp.65-89. Zeithaml, V.A. (1988). “Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: a means –end model synthesis of evidence” journal of Marketing, vol. 52 pp.2-22 https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-19-38-PM.pdf Dr. Dominic Kwaku Danso Mensah Dina Yawa Apedoe-Dzidza . 594561 37 0

54 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=54 2012-02-27 Tourists love to shop, and not merely for souvenirs. Shopping is one of the most pervasive leisure activities engaged in by tourists and is recognized by scholars as a significant economic, psychological, and social pursuit by vacationers. However, most current research on tourism shopping has been largely confined to concept building which are dependent on qualitative methods such as Phenomenological observations. These concepts and intellectual speculations are largely untested in empirical settings. The empirical research has been sporadic and fragmented. As a result, there is a need for a theoretical framework that encompasses both cognitive as well as affective aspects for shopping away from home. This study reviews the application and trends of shopping tourism from the literature and contributes to research and theory on shopping tourism by developing a model which advances understanding of tourist shopping behaviour by synthesizing previous studies regarding shopping tourism and proposing a theoretical framework that encompasses attitudinal prospects for shopping tourism Anderson, L. F., Littrell, M. A., 1994. Souvenir-purchase behavior of women tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 22, 328-348. Anderson, L. F., Littrell, M. A., 1996. Group profiles of women as tourists and purchasers of souvenirs. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 25, 28-56. Areni, C. S., Kiecker, P., Palan, K. M., 1998. Is it better to give than to receive? Exploring gender differences in the meaning of memorable gifts. Psychology and Marketing. 15, 81-109.  Ajzen, I., 1985. From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior, in Kuhl, J, Beckmann, J (Eds), Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 11-39. Ajzen, I., 1991. The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behavior and the Human Decision Process 50, 179-211. Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M., 1980. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Beatty, S. E., Kahle, L. R., Utsey, M., Keown, C., 1993. Gift-giving behaviors in the United States and Japan: A personal values perspective. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 6, 49-66. Bloch, P. H., Ridgway, N. M. Dawson, S. A., 1994. The shopping mall as consumer habitat, Journal of Retailing, 70(1), 23-42. Brown, S. 1991., Shopper circulation in a planned shopping centre. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 19, 17-24. Bygvra, S. 1998., The road to the single European market as seen through the Danish retail trade: cross-border shopping between Denmark and Germany. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 8, 147-164. Caplow, T. 1983., Rule enforcement without visible means: Christmas gift giving in middletown. American Journal of Sociology, 89, 1306-1323.  Carr, N., 2002. The tourism-leisure behavioral continuum. Annals of Tourism Research 29 (4), 972-986 Chesworth, N., 2005. Shopping tourism, retailing and leisure. Annals of Tourism Research, 33, 1, 280-282 Choi, T. M., Liu, S. C., Pang, K. M., Chow, P. S., 2008. Shopping behaviors of individual tourists from the Chinese Mainland to Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 29, 4, 811-820.  Dimanceh F., 2003. The Louisiana tax free shopping program for international visitors: A case study. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 311-314. DiMatteo, L., DiMatteo, R., 1996. An analysis of Canadian cross-border travel. Annals of Tourism Research. 23, 1, 103-122. Evans, W., Lane, H., O’Grady, S., 1992. Border crossings. Prentice Hall Canada Inc, Scarborough, Ont. Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I., 1975. Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.  FitzGerald, J. D., Quinn, T. P., Whelan, B. J., Williams, J. A., 1988. An analysis of cross-border shopping. The economic and Social Research institute, Dublin, General Research Paper 137, Dublin. Garrod, B., Fyall, A., Leask, A., 2002. Scottish visitor attractions: managing visitor impacts. Tourism Management, 23(3), 265-279. Heung, V. C. S., Cheng, E., 2000. Assessing tourists’ satisfaction with shopping in the Hong Kong special administration region of China. Journal of Travel Research, 38, 396-404. Heung, V., Qu, H., 1998. Tourism shopping and its contributions to Hong Kong, Tourism Management, 19, 383-386. Hu, B.,  Yu, Hong., 2007. Segmentation by craft selection criteria and shopping involvement. Tourism Management, 28, 4, 1079-1092 Jansen-Verbeke, M., 1991. Leisure shopping: A magic concept f or the tourism industry? Tourism Management, 12, 9-14. Jansen-Verbeke, M., 1994. The synergy between shopping and tourism: the Japanese ecperience. In W. Theobald, Global tourism: The next decade (pp. 345-362). London: Butterworth-Heinemann. Jarratt, D. G., 1998. Modelling outshopping behavior: a non-metropolitan perspective. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 8, 3, 319-350. Joston, M., Mauro, R., Dilley, R. S., 1991. Trans-border tourism in a regional context. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of Canadian Association of Geographers, Kingston, Ont. Kent, W.E., Shock, P.J., Snow, R.E., 1983. Shopping: Tourism's unsung hero(ine), Journal of Travel Research, 21, 4, 12–24. Keown, C., 1989. Hong Kong tourists’ shopping experiences. Hong Kong anagers, 25(4), 30-35.  Kim, S.,  Littrell, A. M., 2001. Souvenir buying intentions for self versus others. Annals of Tourism Research, 28, 3, 638-657. Law, R., Au, N., 2000. Relationship modeling in tourism shopping: A decision rules induction approach. Tourism Management. 21, 241–249. Lehto, X. Y., Cai, L. A., O’Leary, J. T., Huan, T. C., 2004. Tourist shopping preferences and expenditure behaviors: The case of the Taiwanese outbound market. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10, 320-332. Littrell, M. A., 1990. Symbolic significance of textiles crafts for tourists. Annals of Tourism Research. 17, 228-245. Littrell, M. A., Baizerman, S., Kean, R., Gahring, S., Niemeyer, S., Reilly, R., Stout, J., 1994. Souvenirs and tourism styles. Journal of Travel Research, 33, 1, 3-11. Mak, B., Tsang, N., Cheung, I., 1999. Taiwanese tourists’ shopping preferences. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5, 190-198. Mok, C., Iverson, J. T., 2000. Expenditure-based segmentation: Taiwanese tourists to Guam. Tourism Management, 21, 299-305. Martin, B., Mason, S., 1987. Leisure and the future. Futures, 19, 6, 739-741 Papadopoulos, N. G., 1980. Comsumer outshopping research: review and extension. Journal of Retailing, 56, 41-58. Polonsky, M. J., Jarratt, D. G., 1991. A comparative study of psychographic profiles of rural shoppers. Journal of International Marketing and Marketing Research, 16, 85-105. Reisinger, Y., Turner, L. W., 2002. The Determination of Shopping Satisfaction of Japanese Tourists Visiting Hawaii and the Gold Coast Compared. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 167-176. Ryan, C., 1991. Recreational tourism: A social science perspective. Routledge, New York. Smith, H. P., 1977. Do intercultural experiences affect attitudes? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 51, 469-477. Snepenger, D., Smith R.L., 2003. Tourists and Residents Use of a Shopping Space. Annals of Tourism Research.30, 567–580. Sullivan, P. M., Lavoie, D., 1995. Metropolitan Montralers’ cross-border shopping practices. A paper presented at the winter 1995 American Collegiate Retailing Association Meeting, New York, USA Sullivan, P. M., Kang, J., 1999. A comparison of cross-border shopping motivations : Canadian cross-border shoppers and US cross-border shoppers Timothy, D.J., Butler, R.W., 1995. Cross-border shopping: A North American perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 22, 16–34 Turner, L., Reisinger, Y., 2001. Shopping Satisfaction for Domestic Tourists. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 8, 15–27. Wang, D., 2004. Hong Kongers’ cross-border consumption and shopping in Shenzhen: patterns and motivations. Journal of Retailing and Consumer  Services. 11, 149– 159.     Wessely, A., 2002. Travelling people, travelling objects. Cultural Studies. 16(1), 3–15. Wiseman, R. L., Hammer, M. R., Nishida, H., 1989. Preditors of intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 13, 349-370. Wong, J., Law, R., 2003. Difference in shopping satisfaction levels: a study of tourists on Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 24, 401-410. Yuksel, A., Yuksel, F., 2007. Shopping risk perceptions: Effects on tourists’ emotions, satisfaction and expressed loyalty intentions. Tourism Management, 28, 3, 703-713. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-20-24-PM.pdf Jung Kook Lee, PhD Shopping tourism shopping motivation shopping intension information search travel motive 654803 94 0

55 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=55 2012-02-27 Political marketing research has now established itself as a spirited sub-discipline of main core marketing with scholars writing high quality articles and books. This article is a case study on LDP in Kenya, it’s main focus being to look at its marketing orientations, Attitude towards political concepts, to get the understanding of the party’s grasp of the marketing concept and to identify how the party markets itself whether by sales, market or product orientation. The study on LDP was carried out in March-April 2006. The findings in nutshell proves that political marketing as a concept is feasible and it already exists in Kenya but in a rudimentary form, not the book tailored approach as depicted in marketing models. Finally the recommendations are in two perspectives, the first phase appeal to the academia and second phase is purely recommendations to political marketing practitioners, in this case LDP party think tank Andreason, A.R. (1994)” Social Marketing: its definition and Domain”, Journal of Politic Policy & Marketing, Vol.13, Number 1, pp 109 Barkhan, Joel D, New Forces Shaping Kenyan Politics, Africa Notes, number 18, Centre for strategic and international studies, USA, May 2003 David Throup, Africa Journal, number 14, The Kenyan General Election: December 27, 2002 Darren G. Lilleker and Jennifer Lees-Marshment (2005), Political Marketing: A comparative perspective, Manchester University Press  Drucker, Peter.F. (1973), Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practice, Harper and Row Jean-Francois Bayart (1993), The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly, Longman, London, pp.35, 228-259,265-268 Lancaster, Geoff and Lester Massingham (1993), Essentials of Marketing, Mc Graw-Hill Kotler, P. and Levy, S.J. (1969) “Broadening the Concept of Marketing”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 33, January 1969 Ken Matiba.A Dream for Kenya, Nairobi, 1992 Kelle, U. (eds)(1995) Computer-Aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods and Practice, London: Sage Kotler, P. and Andreason, A. (1995) Strategic Marketing for Non-profit Organizations, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River Kotler, P.and Kotler, N. (1999),”Political Marketing,” Bruce. I. Newman (    Ed), Handbook of Political Marketing, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 1-25 Lees-Marshment, J. (2001) Political Marketing and British Political Parties: The party’s just begun, Manchester University Press Nick G, Wanjohi, Political Parties in Kenya: Formation, Policies andManifestos. Nairobi: Views Media, 1997 Newman, B.I. (2002) “Editorial: The Role of Marketing in Politics”, Journal of Political, Vol. 1, Number 1, pp.1-10 News papers Kenya Times-www.kenyatimes.com, Daily Nation-www.nationaudio.com East African standard-www.eastandard.net, O’Cass, Aron (1996), `Political marketing and marketing, European Journal of Marketing, 30-62 Shama, Avraham (1976), `The Marketing of Political Candidates,` Journal of Academy  of Marketing  Science ,4: 766 Marland, A. (2003)”Political Marketing: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly”, Paper presented at 2003 Political Marketing Conference, London, September.. Scammell, M. (1999) “Political Marketing: Lessons for Political Science”, Political Studies, Vol.47, pp.710-745 O’Cass, Aron (1996), `Political marketing and marketing, European Journal of Marketing, 30-62 O’Shaughnessy, N.J. and Henneberg, S.C. (2002a), The Idea of political Marketing, Praeger, Westport Wring, Dominic (1996b). `From Mass propaganda to Political Marketing: The Transformation of Labour party election Campaigning`, British Elections and Parties year Book. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-21-13-PM.pdf Duncan M. Owino Dr. Patrick Tonui Dr. Laban Irhene Pross Akanyijuka Political Marketing sales oriented party market oriented party Product oriented party LDP 630230 31 0

56 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=56 2012-02-27 This paper has come about as a result of the researcher’s interest in rural development. One of the authors’ was involved in the implementation stage of the Village Infrastructure Project as assistant project co-ordinator in one of the big districts in Ghana. This paper attempts to analyse the role of the World Bank in reducing poverty in Ghana with respect to Village Infrastructure Projects which started in 1998 and ended in 2003. The total cost of the project was estimated as $60million where communities were encouraged to apply for concessionary funding for rural infrastructure in four key areas namely; Water, Transport, Post harvest Facilities and Capacity Building. Poverty reduction efforts have bedevilled Ghana since independence in 1957. This is due to dramatic reversals in economic and social development. With these problems coupled with debt burden, there has been the need for the government to look elsewhere to support her budget and developmental needs. World Bank, one of the foreign financiers has supported Ghana in various ways such as the Structural Adjustment Programme which many economic commentators regarded it as a failure. Village Infrastructure Projects was meant to augment government efforts to reduce poverty and increase the quality of life in the rural communities. The programme was also meant to be participatory and demand driven. This paper will look at poverty in general and measurement, Village Infrastructure Projects, gains and problems ass Atwima District Reports 2006 Appleton Simon (1995) Poverty in Uganda, Characteristics, causes and constraints. Center for the study of African Economics. Oxford University press. Blackburn et al (2000) Mainstreaming Participation in Development. OED Working Paper Series, No 10, Washington: The World Bank Boateng, F K “The role of intermediate means of transport modes in the alleviation of road transport constraints in Ghana; A case study of Village Infrastructure Project; Research paper 2002.  Fields, G.S (1994). Poverty and income distribution. Data for measuring poverty and inequalities in the developing countries, Journal of Development Economics vol.44. Ghana Statistical Service 2003 Jhingan M.L (1997).The Economics of Development and Planning.Vrinda publications limited. KFW Report 2006 Manuh T (1989) “A study of selected voluntary Development in Ghana”. Women as  and Beneficiaries of Development assistance. Association of African Women for Research and development, Dakar Nkum Associates & Ghartey Associates, (2000), Poverty Reduction Consultations, NDPC/ GTZ Porter Gina “Intermediate means of transport”. A review paper with special reference to Ghana February 2002 Ravallion, M. (1996); how well can method substitute for data? Five experiments of poverty analysis, The World Bank obeserver,vol.2. Government of Ghana- National Action for Poverty Reduction MLGRD, Accra- Ghana 1995 Todaro MP. (1992) Economics of a developing world, 3rd edition. Addison Wesley Longman. Sachs Jeffrey, The End of Poverty: How can we make it happen in our life time, Penguin Group 2005 World Bank website https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2025-12-21-22-39-11-PM.pdf Charles Akomea Bonsu Bismark Oppong-Yankey World Bank poverty village infrastructure projects 844833 34 0

57 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=57 2012-02-27 This study proposes a distribution channel strategy model based on the notion that distribution channel strategy is the basic determinant of distribution channel performance which may lead to firm’s success. Its major objective is to assist manufacturers in making effective decision on distribution channel strategy. The proposed model integrates two strategic components: a) distribution channel selection the manufacturer’s choice of distribution intensity, channel location characteristics, channel control and b) distribution channel management’s the channel service quality as to product and as to people. The model proposes how the two strategic components affect distribution channel performances that finally lead to firm’s success Aaker, D.A. and Kumar, V. and Day, G.S. (1997). Correlation Analysis and Regression  Analysis, Marketing Research Sixth Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc. Anderson, J. and Narus, J. 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(2002). “Multiple channel strategies in the European personal computer industry,” Journal of International Marketing, 10(3), p.73-95. Gaski, J. (1984). “The Theory of Power and Conflict in Channels of Distribution,” Journal of Marketing, 48 (Summer), 9-29. Ghosh, A. and McLafferty, S.L. (1987). Location Strategies for Retail and Service Firms, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA. Ha, L. (1996). “Advertising Clutter in Consumer Magazines: Dimensions and Effects,” Journal Advertising Research, 36(July/August), p.76-84. Heide, J. and George John, G. (1990). “Alliances in Industrial Purchasing: The Determinants of Joint Action in Buyer-Supplier Relationship,” Journal of Marketing Research, (February), p.24-36. Hjorth-Anderson, C. (1984). “The Concept of Quality and the Efficiency of Markets for Consumer Products”, Journal of Consumer Research, 11(2), 708-718. Hunt, S. and Morgan, R. (1995). “The comparative advantage theory of competition,” Journal of Marketing, 59(2), p.1. Ingene, C.A. and Lusch, R.F. (1999). “Estimation of a department store production function”, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 29(7/8), p.453-64. Jacobson, R. and Aaker, D. (1989). “The Strategic Role of Product Quality,” Journal of Marketing, 51(October), p.31-44. Klein, S., Frazier, G. and Roth, V. (1990). “A transaction cost analysis model of channel integration in international markets,” Journal of Marketing Research, 27 (May): 196208. Krapfel, R., Salmond, D. and Spekman, R. (1991). “A Strategic Approach to Managing Buyer-seller Relationships,” European Journal of Marketing, 25(9), p.22-37. Lakshmanan, T.R. and Hansen, W.G. (1965), “A retail potential model”, Journal of the Americian Institute of Planners, Vol. 31, p.134-43. Lilien, G., Kotler, P. and Moorthy, K. (1992). Marketing Models, London: Prentice Hall International S. 650-675. Magnet, M. (1992). “Meet the New Revolutionaries,” Fortune, 125 (February), 94-101. Manrodt, K. and Davis, F. Jr. (1992). “The Evolution to Service Response Logistics,” International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 22(9), p.3-10. McCalley, R. (1992). Marketing Channel Development and Management, Foreword by Ray A. Goldberg, Westport, Connecticut, London. Mentzer, J., Flint, D. and Hult, T. (2001). “Logistics Service Quality as a Segment-Customized Process,” Journal of Marketing, 65(October), p.82-104. Mols, N., Nikolaj, P., Bukh, D. and Neilsen, J. (1999). “Distribution Channel Strategies in Danish Retail Banking,” International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management,” 27(1), p.37-47. Naumann, E. and D.J. Lincoln, D.J. (1991). “Non-Tariff Barriers and Entry Strategy Alternatives: Strategic Marketing Implications,” Journal of Small Business Management, 29(2), p.60-70. Osborne, K. (1996). “The channel integration decision for small – to medium – sized manufacturing exporters,” International Small Business Journal, 14(3), p.40. Paraneswaram, R., Mohan, P. (1994). “Facets of Country of origin image: An empirical assessment,” Journal of Advertising, 23(1), p.43. Peracchio, L. and Tybout, A. (1996). “The Moderating Role of Prior Knowledge in Schema-Based Product Evaluation,” Journal of Consumer Research, 23(December), p.177-92. Pisharodi, M. and Langley, C. Jr. (1990). “A Perceptual Process Model of Customer Service Based on Cybermetic-Control Theory,” Journal of Business Logistics, 11(1), p.26-48. Pisharodi, R. Mohan, P. (1994). “Preference for Supplier When Supplier and Customer Perception of Customer Service Levels Differ,” Logistics and Transportation Review, 30(1), p.31-54. Porter, M.E. (1991). Know Your Place, Inc., 13 (September), 90-93. Rangan, V., Menezes, M. and Maier, E. (1992). “Channel Selection for New Industrial products: A Framework, Method, and Application,” Journal of Market, 56(July), p.69-82. Robicheaux, R. and Coleman, J. (1994). “The Structure if Marketing Channel Relationship,” Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, Winter, p.38-51. Rosenbloom, B. (1995). Marketing Channels: A Management View, Fifth Edition, The Dryden Press, Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Sherwood, C. and Nordstrom, R. (1990). “A Customer Satisfaction Approach to Introducing Physical Distribution in the Principles of Marketing Course,” Journal of Marketing Education, 12(1), p.40. Stasch, S. and Ward, J. (1997). “Characteristics of competing marketing strategies when defining market leadership,” Journal of Strategy Marketing, 5, p.23-49. Tynan, C. (1995). “Marketing and Entrepreneurship in SMEs: An Innovative Approach,” European Journal of Marketing, 29(7), p.85. Weitz, B. and Jap, S. (1995). “Relationship Marketing and Distribution Channels,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Fall, p.305-320. Williams, M.L, W. Tsai, and D. Day (1991), “Intangible Assets, Entry Strategies, and Venture Success in Industrial Markets,” Journal of Business Venturing, 6, p.315-33. Williamson, K., Spitzer, D. Jr., and Bloomberg, D. (1990). “Modern Logistics Systems: Theory and Practice,” Journal of Business Logistics, 11(2), p.65-88. Yeoh, P. and Jeong, I. (1995). “Contingency relationships between entrepreneurship, export channel structure and environment: a proposed conceptual model of export performance,” European Journal of Marketing, vol. 29, p.95-115. Yoo, B., Donthu, N. and Lee, S. (2000). “An Examination Of Selected Marketing Mix Elements And Brand Equity,” Academy of Marketing Science, Journal, Greenvale, 28(Spring), p.195-211. Zeithaml, V., Berry, L. and Parasuraman, A. (1996). The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(April), p.31-46. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-23-51-PM.pdf Dr. Supathanish Termsnguanwong Strategic Distribution Potentiality Firm’s Success 1461223 41 0

58 https://jbrmr.com/details&cid=58 2012-02-27 A qualitative study of Jamii Bora was undertaken in August 2007. Jamii Bora is a large, self-sustaining microfinance institution that was established in 1999 at the initiative of 50 street beggar families in Nairobi. It was registered as a charitable Trust in Kenya on 22 November 1999. In-depth interviews with 36 micro-entrepreneurs, all clients of Jamii Bora, reveal that access to microfinance has enabled them to start, expand, and develop their enterprises. Like many non-governmental organizations throughout East Africa, Jamii Bora is part of a regional (and global) movement to assist the poor. Where governments have retreated and markets have failed, microfinance institutions (MFIs) have primarily attempted to improve the lot of informal sector participants, particularly focusing on women. For those individuals that the formal education system has passed by in the developing world, particularly within East Africa, entrepreneurship is a legitimate avenue to enhance life choices. The assumption amongst most microfinance practitioners is the positive externality of access to microfinance so as to improve their quality of life through increased business opportunities   Amin, S., Rai, A. S., & Topa, G. (2003). Does micro credit reach the poor and vulnerable? Evidence from Northern Bangladesh. Journal of Development Economics, 70(1), 59–82. Arun, T., & Hulme, D. (2003). Balancing supply and demand: The emerging agenda for microfinance institutions. Journal of Microfinance, 5(2), 1–5. Bastiaensen, J., & D’Excelle, B. To pay or not to pay? Local institutional differences and the viability of rural credit in Nicaragua. Journal of Microfinance, 4(2), 31–56. Borjas, G. J., & Bronars, S.G. (1989). Consumer discrimination and self-employment. Journal of Political Economy, 97(3), 581–605. Bornstein, D. (1997). The price of a dream: The story of the Grameen Bank. University of Chicago Press. Cross, J. C. (1998). Informal politics: Street vendors and the state in Mexico City. CA: Stanford University Press. De Soto, H. (2000). The mystery of capital: Why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. New York: Basic Books. Funkhouser, E. (1996). The urban informal sector in Central America: Household survey evidence. World Development, 24(11), 1731–1751. Godquin, M. (2004). Microfinance repayment performance in Bangladesh: How to improve the allocation of loans by MFIs. World Development, 32(11), 1909–1926. Grosh, B. & Somolekae, G. (1996). Mighty oaks from little acorns: Can microenterprise serve as the seedbed of industrialization. World Development, 24(12), 1879–1890. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (4th edition.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hart, K. (1970). Small scale entrepreneurs in Ghana and development planning. Journal of Development Planning, 6, 104–120. Hart, K. (1973). Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies, 11(1), 61–89. Http://www.iadb.org/res/publications/pubfiles/pubWP-454.pdf. Http://www.jamiibora.org/newsevents.htm. Kevane, M., & Wydick, B. (2001). Microenterprise lending to female entrepreneurs: Sacrificing economic growth for poverty alleviation? World Development, 29(7), 1225–1236. Kiggundu, M. N. (2002). Entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Africa: What is known and what needs to be done. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(3), 239–258. Lashley, J. G. (2004). Microfinance and poverty alleviation in the Caribbean: A strategic overview. Journal of Microfinance, 6(1), 83–94. Le, A. T. (1999). Empirical studies of self-employment. Journal of Economic Surveys, 13(4), 381–416. Ledgerwood, J. (1999). Microfinance handbook: An institutional and financial perspective. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Malcolm Harper, Sukhwinder Singh Arora (2005). Small Customers, Big Market: Commercial Banks in Microfinance. Practical Action. Maloney, W. F. (2004). Informality revisited. World Development, 32(7), 1159–1178. Mead, D. C., & Liedholm, C. (1998). The dynamics of micro and small enterprises in developing countries. World Development, 26(1), 31–74. Micro credit Summit. (1996). Declaration and plan of action. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 1(2), 131–176. Muhammad Yunus (2003) Banker to the Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle against World Poverty. Ed edition.  Mosley, P., & Hulme D. (1998). Microenterprise finance: Is there a conflict between growth and poverty alleviation? World Development, 26(5), 783–790. Ortiz, J. (2001). Rethinking the approach to the microenterprise sector in Latin America: An integrating framework. Journal of Microfinance, 3(2), 87–106. Otero, M. (1999). Bringing development back, into microfinance. Journal of Microfinance, 1(1), 8–19. Otero, M., Elisabeth R. (1994) The New World of Microenterprise Finance: Building Healthy Financial Institutions for the Poor. Kumarian Press Library of Management for Development. Pisani, M. J. (2000). Sectoral labour choice in post-revolutionary Nicaragua: The evolution of the informal labour sector in the 1990s. Ph.D. thesis (International business). University of Texas, Pan American. Pisani, M.J. (2002). Radical political regimes in the Americas and MNC responses: A conceptual model. Latin American Business Review, 3(2), 17–42. Pisani, M. J. (2003). The negative impact of structural adjustment on sectoral earnings in Nicaragua. Review of Radical Political Economics, 35(2), 107–125. Pisani, M. J., & Pagán, J.A. (2004, July). Self-employment in the era of the new economic model in Latin America: A case study from Nicaragua. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(4), 335–350. Pisani, M. J., & Patrick, J.M, (2002). A conceptual model and propositions for bolstering entrepreneurship in the informal sector: The case of Central America. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 95–111. Pisani, M. J., & Yoskowitz, D. W. (2004). Microcredit and micro and small enterprise development in Belize, Central America: A qualitative study of the Small Farmers and Business Bank, Ltd. Latin American Business Review, 5(1), 45–69. Portes, A., & Schauffler, R. (1993, March). Competing perspectives on the Latin American informal sector. Population and Development Review, 19, 33–60. Sarah McGregor, “The Bank of Last Resort Embassy”, March 29th, 2006, Article; Nairobi, Kenya. Shaw, J. (2004). Microenterprise occupation and poverty reduction in microfinance programs: Evidence from Sri Lanka. World Development, 32(7), 1247–1264. Székely, M. (2001).The 1990s in Latin America: Another decade of persistent inequality, but with somewhat lower poverty. Inter-American Development Bank working paper no.454. Inter-American Development Bank: Washington D.C.  Tokman, V. E. (Ed.) (1992). Beyond regulation: The informal economy in Latin America. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner. Wajibu: A Journal of Social and Religious Concern, Volume 16 No. 2 (2001). A Credit Scheme with a Difference: The Jamii Bora Trust. Historical Factors. https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/2018-12-20-21-24-45-PM.pdf Dr. Patrick Tonui Duncan M. Owino Dr. Laban Irhene Dr Ezra Chomete Microfinance Qualitative Study Kenya Impact Studies Financial Vulnerabilities 801687 47 0