<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<article_metadata generated_at="2026-09-06T03:16:25+00:00">
  <journal>
    <title>Journal of Business and Retail Management Research</title>
    <acronym>JBRMR</acronym>
    <issn_print></issn_print>
    <issn_online>2056-6271</issn_online>
    <doi_prefix>https://doi.org/10.24052/JBRMR/</doi_prefix>
  </journal>
  <article>
    <id>321</id>
    <title>Hostess brands inc.: A case study</title>
    <abstract>        Hostess Brands, Inc. served as the largest manufacturer and distributor of baked goods products in the United States for decades.  Throughout numerous mergers and acquisitions, the company’s growth resulted in a series of problems leading to bankruptcy.  The three key problems included high legacy costs, shrinking profits, and significant, long-term debt.  This research is a case study utilizing Gilbert’s Behavioral Engineering Model to evaluate the issues that led to the bankruptcy of Hostess Brands, Inc.</abstract>
    <doi></doi>
    <url>https://jbrmr.com/details&amp;cid=321</url>
    <pdf_url>https://jbrmr.com/cdn/article_file/content_58549_17-10-04-22-09-59.pdf</pdf_url>
    <volume>Volume 12</volume>
    <issue>Issue 1</issue>
    <issue_id>30</issue_id>
    <issue_published_month>2017-10-01</issue_published_month>
    <published_date>2017-10-05</published_date>
    <online_first_status>no</online_first_status>
    <online_first_date></online_first_date>
    <history>
      <received></received>
      <revised></revised>
      <accepted></accepted>
    </history>
    <keywords>
      <keyword>Case study</keyword>
      <keyword>human performance technology</keyword>
      <keyword>instructional design</keyword>
      <keyword>business process improvement</keyword>
    </keywords>
    <declarations>
      <funding></funding>
      <conflict_of_interest></conflict_of_interest>
      <data_availability></data_availability>
      <author_contributions></author_contributions>
    </declarations>
    <publication_notice>
      <type>none</type>
      <text></text>
    </publication_notice>
    <metrics>
      <views>560419</views>
      <downloads>60</downloads>
      <citations>0</citations>
    </metrics>
    <authors>
      <author>
        <name>Kimberly J. Flanders</name>
        <organization>Indiana University of Pennsylvania</organization>
        <country></country>
      </author>
    </authors>
    <supplementary_materials/>
  </article>
</article_metadata>
